Low-energy nanoemulsions as carriers for red raspberry seed oil: Formulation approach based on Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis, physicochemical properties, stability and in vitro antioxidant/ biological activity

Considering a growing demand for medicinal/cosmetic products with natural actives, this study focuses on the low energy nanoemulsions (LE-NEs) prepared via the Phase inversion composition (PIC) method as potential carriers for natural oil. Four types of red raspberry seed oils (ROs) were tested, as follows: cold pressed vs. CO2-extracted, organic vs. non-organic, refined vs. unrefined. Overall, this study has shown that low energy nanoemulsions present very promising carriers for topical delivery of natural bioactives. Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis have proven to be a useful addition to the arsenal of methods used in the formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion systems.