Techno-Economic Assessment of Small Modular Reactors and Electrofuels in Achieving Carbon Neutrality: A Pathway for Sustainable Energy Systems

The global pursuit of carbon neutrality by 2050 demands a comprehensive shift in energy systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores the integration of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and electrofuels as critical components in the energy transition, particularly in regions where renewable energy potentials are insufficient to meet increasing demand. By focusing on the techno-economic implications, assessed the feasibility of combining SMRs and electrofuels to enhance energy reliability, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and accommodate variable renewable energy sources (VRES). The research employs a cost-based optimization framework, integrating SMRs and electrofuels within a whole-energy system model. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is used to address the inherent variability of VRES and to evaluate the robustness of different energy transition pathways. The findings highlight the potential for a balanced energy mix that includes both local and imported renewable energy carriers, addressing technological readiness, storage limitations, and the need for flexible, decentralized grid systems. This paper provides valuable techno-economic insights into the role of emerging energy technologies in achieving long-term carbon neutrality while maintaining economic feasibility and operational flexibility.